ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective: To examine the rates of psychiatric hospitalization and the average length of stay, in Brazil, from 2009 to 2019, according to sociodemographic variables and character of the hospitalization (elective or urgency). Methods: This is an ecological study, with data collected from the Hospital Information System of the Unified Health System (SIH/SUS). Hospital admission rates were described according to diagnosis, sex, and age group. Percentage variation and rate ratios were calculated. To evaluate the time series, the data were submitted to linear regression analysis. Results: The rate of hospitalization for mental disorders decreased from 14.2/10,000 in 2009 to 11.2 in 2019, with the most significant variation occurring between mental and behavioral disorders due to alcohol use. The men had about twice as many episodes as the women in all the years evaluated. Higher rates were found in the age group of 30 and 59 years. The length of stay also decreased in the period. Besides, the urgency character presented almost 82% of the total hospitalizations. Conclusions: There was a reduction in hospital admissions for mental disorders in the analyzed period, demonstrating the relevance of mental health care changes resulting from the Psychiatric Reform.
RESUMO Objetivo: Examinar as taxas de hospitalização psiquiátrica e o tempo médio dessas internações, no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) do Brasil, de 2009 a 2019, segundo variáveis sociodemográficas e caráter da internação (eletiva ou urgência). Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo ecológico, com dados coletados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares (SIH/SUS). Foram descritas as taxas de internação hospitalar conforme diagnóstico, sexo e faixa etária. Calcularam-se a variação percentual e a razão das taxas. Para avaliação da série temporal, os dados foram submetidos à análise de regressão linear. Resultados: A taxa de internação hospitalar por transtornos mentais reduziu de 14,2/10.000 em 2009 para 11,2 em 2019, tendo a maior variação ocorrido entre os transtornos mentais e comportamentais devidos ao uso de álcool. O sexo masculino apresentou cerca de duas vezes mais episódios que o sexo feminino, em todos os anos avaliados. Maiores taxas foram verificadas na faixa etária de 30 e 59 anos. O tempo de internação também apresentou redução no período. Além disso, o caráter de urgência apresentou quase 82% do total de internações. Conclusões: Houve redução das internações hospitalares por transtornos mentais no período analisado, demonstrando a relevância das mudanças na assistência em saúde mental advindas da Reforma Psiquiátrica.
ABSTRACT
Malaria treatment is based on a reduced number of antimalarial drugs, and drug resistance has emerged, leading to the search for new antimalarial drugs incorporated into pharmaceutical formulations. In this study, 10-(4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)thio)decan-1-ol) (thiazoline), a synthetic analog of 3-alkylpiridine marine alkaloid, and a potent antimalarial substance, was incorporated into O/W nanoemulsion. This formulation was prepared by a 23 factorial design. It was characterized by globule diameter, polydispersity index, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro thiazoline release at pH 2 and 6.86, and accelerated stability. In vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity was determined against P. falciparum and P. berghei, respectively. Thiazoline nanoemulsion showed 248.8 nm of globule diameter, 0.236 of polydispersity index, -38.5 mV of zeta potential, 96.92% encapsulation efficiency, and it was stable for 6 months. Thiazoline release profiles differed in acidic and neutral media, but in both cases, the nanoemulsion controlled and prolonged the thiazoline delivery. Thiazoline nanoemulsion exerted in vitro antimalarial activity against the parasite (IC50 = 1.32 µM), and it significantly reduced the in vivo parasitemia for 8 days without increasing the survival time of animals. Therefore, the thiazoline nanoemulsion represents a strategy to treat malaria combining an antimalarial candidate and a new nanocarrier.
